Surveillance of RNase P, PMMoV, and CrAssphage in wastewater as indicators of human fecal concentration across urban sewer neighborhoods, Kentucky.

Wastewater surveillance has been widely used as a supplemental method to track the community infection levels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A gap exists in standardized reporting for fecal indicator concentrations, which can be used to calibrate the primary outcome concentrations from wastewater monitoring for use in epidemiological models. To address this, measurements of fecal indicator concentration among wastewater samples collected from sewers and treatment centers in four counties of Kentucky (N = 650) were examined. Results from the untransformed wastewater data over 4 months of sampling indicated that the fecal indicator concentration of human ribonuclease P (RNase P) ranged from 5.1 × 101 to 1.15 × 106 copies/ml, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) ranged from 7.23 × 103 to 3.53 × 107 copies/ml, and cross-assembly phage (CrAssphage) ranged from 9.69 × 103 to 1.85 × 108 copies/ml. The results showed both regional and temporal variability. If fecal indicators are used as normalization factors, knowing the daily sewer system flow of the sample location may matter more than rainfall. RNase P, while it may be suitable as an internal amplification and sample adequacy control, has less utility than PMMoV and CrAssphage as a fecal indicator in wastewater samples when working at different sizes of catchment area. The choice of fecal indicator will impact the results of surveillance studies using this indicator to represent fecal load. Our results contribute broadly to an applicable standard normalization factor and assist in interpreting wastewater data in epidemiological modeling and monitoring.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance in wastewater as a function of distinct urban sewershed size

During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a promising approach for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 prevalence on a community-level. Despite much being known about the utility of making these measurements in large wastewater treatment plants, little is known about the correlation with finer geographic resolution, such as those obtained through sewershed sub-area catchments. This study aims to identify community wastewater surveillance characteristics between sewershed areas that affect the strength of the association of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in a metropolitan area. For this, wastewater from 17 sewershed areas were sampled in Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky (USA), from August 2020 to April 2021 (N = 727), which covered approximately 97% of the county's households. Solids were collected from the treatment plants from November 2020 to December 2020 (N = 42). Our results indicate that the sewersheds differ in SARS-CoV-2 trends;however, high pairwise correlation spatial trends were not observed, and the mean SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations of smaller upstream community sewershed areas did not differ from their respective treatment centers. Solid samples could only be collected at treatment plants, therefore not allowing us to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 abundance as a function of the sewershed scale. The population size sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 concentration detection is non-linear: at low population levels the measures are either too sensitive and generate a high level of variability, or at high population levels the estimates are dampened making small changes in community infection levels more difficult to discern. Our results suggest selecting sampling sites that include a wide population range. This study and its findings may inform other system-wide strategies for sampling wastewater for estimating non-SARS-CoV-2 targets.

Measuring spectators' perception toward peripheral stadium quality services after COVID-19: impact on their emotions and attendance intentions

PurposeThe perception of sport consumers on peripheral stadium-quality services (PSQS) has evolved after compulsory precautionary measures were imposed on gatherings to alleviate the spread of coronavirus. This study attempts to reassess five principal dimensions of PSQS? Stadium parking, stadium cleanliness, fan control, food services and perceived crowding? through reflecting on the COVID-19 control and prevention measures established during this pandemic. Furthermore, it aims to measure the impact of the multi-dimensional PSQS on spectators' emotions and future attendance intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from spectators watching the live matches of cricket at the stadium. A total of 680 responses were collected from spectators and uploaded to the measurement model. The covariance-based structural equation modeling technique was used subsequently for analysis purposes.FindingsThe study found a positive impact of the stadium cleanliness and fan control services on spectators' happiness and excitement emotions;and a negative impact of stadium parking, stadium cleanliness, fan control and perceived crowding on their anger, anxiety and dejection emotions. The happiness and excitement emotions of the spectators induced them to visit again at the stadium. Of all the peripheral quality services, the study found only stadium cleanliness service indirectly effect spectators' revisit intentions through excitement emotion as a mediator.Research limitations/implicationsThe incorporation of the safety procedures through PSQS can reduce spectators' negative emotions especially when they face psychological fear of the pandemic. These services work as a stimulus for spectators that directly affect their organism (emotions) and indirectly affect their response (attendance intentions).Originality/valueThis study contributed to sports research by novelty evaluating sport consumers' perception of the PSQS after incorporating COVID-19 preventive measures. It empirically examines the effect PSQS on spectators' emotions and re-visits intentions.

Kidney transplant rejection rate comparing Alemtuzumab versus Basiliximab during COVID pandemic against pre-COVID period

Aims: To review kidney transplant rejection rate following change in immunosuppression regime due to COVID pandemic. Induction immunosuppression changed from Alemtuzumab pre-COVID to Basiliximab during COVID pandemic period. Maintenance immunosuppressant included The addition of prednisolone to tacrolimus and mycophenolate in The COVID period. Method(s): Retrospective analysis of patients that underwent cadaveric kidney transplant in a single transplant Surgical unit. Rejection was confirmed following transplant kidney biopsy. Result(s): Total of 192 patient records were reviewed. 96 patients underwent kidney transplant between March to November 2019 (pre-COVID group). 96 patients underwent kidney transplant between March to July 2020 (COVID pandemic group). Rejection number pre-COVID group was 6 (total number of biopsy was 30). Rejection number COVID group was 5 (total number of biopsy was 14). Pre-COVID group follow up was for 16 months. COVID group follow up period was for 6 months. Conclusion(s): Early follow up result suggests possibly higher rejection rate with Basiliximab when compared to Alemtuzumab group. Longer term follow up in post-COVID kidney transplant needs to be carried out to draw stronger conclusion. Risk of lymphocyte depleting induction agent during COVID crisis versus potential higher risk of rejection with non-depleting agent needs to be balanced.

To assess the severity of COVID-19 in relation toclinical value of immune inflammatory markers: An observational study

Background: Since December 2019, an novel type of pneumonia emergedin Wuhan,China,and rapidly transmitted to wholeglobe. This pneumonia was verified to be caused by a different strain coronavirus and named as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) bythe World Health Organization (WHO). Based on phylogeny,taxonomy and established practice, this novel coronavirus was designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-COV2). Objectives: To show the co-relation between inflammatory markers and the severity of COVID-19 disease Materials and Methods: a total of 250 patients were selected who are microbiologically covid positive and ready to give consent were included in the study. There basic test will be done. Result- There is preponderance of male gender among the patients 147 were male 103 were female. The mean age of participant is 43 ±2.825 (±6.57%)65 patient were immediately required the either oxygen or mechanical ventilation,among all this 26 patient were died. Among this entire 65 patient, 21 patients have raise CRP level,14 have raised IL -6 Level among them all 26 were have raised D-Dimer. Conclusion- Our study showed that high level of D-Dimer, IL-6 and CRP was independent risk factors for assessing the severity of COVID-19. IL-6 played a determiningrole in the severity of SARS-COV2 and had a potential value for monitoring the process of severe cases.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance in wastewater as a function of distinct urban sewershed size

During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a promising approach for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 prevalence on a community-level. Despite much being known about the utility of making these measurements in large wastewater treatment plants, little is known about the correlation with finer geographic resolution, such as those obtained through sewershed sub-area catchments. This study aims to identify community wastewater surveillance characteristics between sewershed areas that affect the strength of the association of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in a metropolitan area. For this, wastewater from 17 sewershed areas were sampled in Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky (USA), from August 2020 to April 2021 (N = 727), which covered approximately 97% of the county's households. Solids were collected from the treatment plants from November 2020 to December 2020 (N = 42). Our results indicate that the sewersheds differ in SARS-CoV-2 trends;however, high pairwise correlation spatial trends were not observed, and the mean SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations of smaller upstream community sewershed areas did not differ from their respective treatment centers. Solid samples could only be collected at treatment plants, therefore not allowing us to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 abundance as a function of the sewershed scale. The population size sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 concentration detection is non-linear: at low population levels the measures are either too sensitive and generate a high level of variability, or at high population levels the estimates are dampened making small changes in community infection levels more difficult to discern. Our results suggest selecting sampling sites that include a wide population range. This study and its findings may inform other system-wide strategies for sampling wastewater for estimating non-SARS-CoV-2 targets.

Reshaping the diagnostic pathways for investigation of haematuria during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: Diagnostic accuracy of strategies for the detection of bladder cancer from the IDENTIFY cohort study

Background: Haematuria often requires investigation with an imaging test and flexible cystoscopy to rule out urinary tract cancers. With a reduction in diagnostic services due to the COVID-19 pandemic there is a risk of compromise in the care of patients referred with haematuria. We aimed to provide a pragmatic strategy that optimises the use of scarce resources by reducing patient visits to hospital and allocating the appropriate diagnostic tests according to risk of bladder cancer. Methods: The IDENTIFY study was an international, prospective, multicentre cohort study of over 11,000 patients referred to secondary care for investigation of newly suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients underwent cystoscopy, imaging tests, urine cytology and transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), where indicated. We developed strategies using combinations of imaging and cytology as triage tests to flexible cystoscopy. These strategies aimed to maximise cancer detection within a pragmatic pathway in a resource-limited environment. Findings: 8112 patients (74 4%) received an ultrasound or a CT urogram, with or without cytology. 5737 (70 7%) patients had visible haematuria (VH) and 2375 (29 3%) had non-visible haematuria (NVH). Amongst all patients, 1474 (18 2%) had bladder cancer;1333 (23 2%) in VH group and 141 (5 94%) in NVH group. Diagnostic test performance was used to determine optimal age cut-offs for each proposed strategy. We recommended proceeding directly to TURBT for patients of any age with positive triage tests for cancer. Patients with negative triage tests under 35-years-old with VH, or under 50-years-old with NVH can safely be discharged without undergoing flexible cystoscopy. The remaining patients may undergo flexible cystoscopy, with a greater priority for older patients (threshold of 60-years-old with VH, or 70-years-old with NVH) to capture high risk bladder cancer. Interpretation: We suggest diagnostic strategies in patients with haematuria, which focus on detection of bladder cancer, whilst reducing the burden to healthcare services in a resource-limited setting.

A comparative study of implementing innovation in education sector due to COVID-19

This paper focuses on a Comparative Study of Implementing Innovation in Education Sector due to COVID-19. It focuses on the ability of Education Sector to change and adapt quickly, to be responsive to new technologies and methodologies and be flexible to the needs of the students, parents and government. Video meetings, online teaching, digital platforms, etc. are the technologies used to increase the growth of online education. So, I have defined the different analysis study based on earlier education system and new education system. A drastic change is predicted in the education sector. © 2020 IEEE.

A comprehensive survey of IT sectors affected by covid-19

This paper based on the comprehensive survey of different sectors affected during covid-19 lock down period. due to covid-19 virus extended all over world and affected various country so that these country are faced lot of problem during lock down many corporate companies related to information technology and other manufacturing, they produce lots of work daily basis but at the time of lockdown many companies shut down and completely closed they don't produce any product related our survival large number of peoples death by covid-19 virus in all over the world lot of government and private organization invented different vaccines to control this infected virus but daily uses medicines not beneficial for the treatment of this virus so that WHO declared pandemic conditions and announced different rules or regulation to control this virus due to pandemic situation many country economy graph down day by day and lot of burden make active in industries and downfall economic condition so in this paper we highlighted some affected corporate sectors and can be overcome quickly if use the right tools in all countries. © 2020 IEEE.

CoviD-19: Emerging challenges in maintaining physical function in patients who have had haematopoietic cell transplants

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes COVID-19, has now spread to many countries, has forced health care systems to minimise or even suspend access to specialist services for many patients because of social distancing policies. As a result of this, many patients are not in direct, face-to-face contact with their health care specialist. This can pose a challenge, since patients who have undergone haematopoietic cell transplant can suffer from an array of complications involving various organs in the body, such as inactivity-related deconditioning and fatigue, resulting in poor quality of life. These vulnerable patients must receive continuous and individualised rehabilitation guidance to help prevent deterioration and promote optimal functioning. This paper highlights the potential challenges for patients who have had haematopoietic cell transplant in the circumstances surrounding COVID-19 and proposes service development ideas to help reduce the negative impact on patients' quality of life. © 2020 MA Healthcare Ltd. All rights reserved.